Overview

1. The Bad Old Days

• Physical servers
• “One app per server” → waste of resources
• Scaling = buying new hardware

2. Virtual Machines

• Multiple OS instances on one machine
• Benefits: isolation, better hardware utilization, flexibility
• Drawbacks: heavy, slow boot, duplication of OS overhead

3. Containers

• Share the host OS kernel → lightweight, fast
• Benefits: portability, consistency across environments, efficiency
• Example: Docker

4. Container Runtime & Ecosystem

• Runtimes: Docker, containerd, CRI-O
• Registries (Docker Hub, Harbor, ECR, GCR)
• Orchestration need arises → enter K8S

5. Container Orchestration

• Why we need it: scaling, high availability, self-healing, service discovery
• Options: K8S, Docker Swarm, Nomad
• K8S dominance today

6. DevOps & Containers

• Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
• CI/CD pipelines with containers
• GitOps for declarative deployments

7. Modern Cloud-Native Landscape

• Microservices architectures
• Service meshes (Istio, Linkerd)
• Serverless containers (Knative, AWS Fargate)

8. Best Practices

• Security (least privilege, image scanning)
• Observability (logging, metrics, tracing)
• Resource management

9. Future of Containerization

• WebAssembly (Wasm) vs Containers
• Edge & IoT use cases
• Containers as a building block, not the end game